Format and Citation Guidelines

Paper Formating Guideline

THE [MAIN] TITLE OF THE PAPER, 14 PT FONT-SIZE, ALL IN BOLD, CAPITALS

The Second Title, If Needed, for Narrowing the Issues Discussed in the Paper, Capitalized Each Word

The author’s name and the affiliation must not be written here, just put them in the “user profile” in the journal website. It is suggested as well to remove all “document properties and personal information” from your file 

Abstract

Write down here your paper’s abstract in one paragraph, in Italic style of font, no more than 150 words. The abstract is not an “introduction”, nor the conclusion of the discussion. Instead, it should contain, but not limited to: (1) the main question and the background of the discussed issue; (2) the research position; (3) how the question is discussed in the paper; and (4) the main result of the discussion. Other important matters discussed in the paper that significantly contribute to the final result of the research may be noted here, but you have to consider, however, the limited space of the abstract.

Keywords: mention only specific concepts [word or phrase], 3-5 concepts, truly conceptual words, and not too general ones.

 

Introduction [the First Section must be “Introduction”; Typed in Bold, List-style with ABCs Alphabets]

Your text is here, in 12pt font-size, 1.5 line-spacing; don’t add space before and/or after paragraph. It is much better to not format your text in a specific technique, instead, just leave it plain except that you really need to type certain words in a “special method”, or to emphasize certain word or words. Italic is a must in typing non-English words.

Please explore in more words the background of your paper and your current research position among other research on related themes. You should discuss here as well your research’s relations with those of other researchers; literature review, especially on most relevant, newly academic works published in high reputation journals, is a must.

To put it another way, please try to answer at least two questions: (1) why you believe that your research question is such an important to answer; and (2) how other scholars have or have not answered, or how you think your answer would be a contribution to the existing scholarship on the subject.

A detailed description of your methods in doing the research is not necessary to write down in this section, but if you think you have to do so, you may mention it slightly in one or two sentences.

A little bit of exploration on the flows of your discussion and the expected final results will be good points for closing this introduction section.

The First Aspect of the Discussion, As the Second Section

Here you may discuss every aspect of the issue one by one. It is necessary to build argument and to provide original data discussed and compared to research and works of other scholars. In other words, the way to discuss an issue here is by combining the data and the discussion. So, it is not recommended to separate merely data description from the analysis on it.

Every quotation is written down in a specific way that can be identified as a “quotation” different from your original text. At the end of every quotation, you have to put its reference[s] in APA style. A reference must also be put in the end of every citation that paraphrasing ideas from someone’s works.

The Second Aspect of the Discussion, the Style of Other References

Examples of references other than book are paper in a journal, or this journal, websites, magazines and newspapers,  reports, book chapters, a master thesis, and a PhD thesis. Please provide a complete internet url whenever available along with the date access.

The Third Aspect of the Discussion, and so on

It is possible to add sections as needed. A section may consist of several sub-sections, typed in bold-italic and numbered list style, like the following example.

Sub-Section as Part of its Parent Section

You do not need to add any special indentation in typing body text under sub-section heading. The body text here is typed just like any other body text.

Another Sub-Section

Although you may need another sub-heading under this “sub-section”, it is strongly not recommended to do so. Instead, please arrange your discussion and explanation in narrative paragraphs. In addition, listing style of text paragraph is also not suggested.

Figure and Other Illustrations

If you need to include any table, figure, image, or other illustration, please provide a high resolution picture file as an attachment for your submission file. We will be very happy, however, if you can convert such illustration into narratives and do not include any picture in your paper.

Concluding Remarks

Please provide here your remarks as closing statement. It could be a final conclusion from your discussion and analysis and your recommendations for further research project. In this section as well you may give your acknowledgment for people and parties whose supports make your research possible.

Reference List

A reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing.

The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to be be found by your reader.  It also gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas.  All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for personal communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved. 

A bibliography is different from a reference list as it lists all the sources used during your research and background reading, not just the ones you refer to in your writing.

 

Citation Guideline

Title   

Include the title 'References' (one word, beginning with a capital letter, centred, and not in italics

Indent Hanging

indent your references (space bar in 5 - 7 spaces for the second and subsequent lines of each reference)

Space between references   

In general double-space between references

Ampersand   

Use for 2 - 6 authors, use "&" before the final author

One author, two publications          

Order by year of publication, the earlier one first.  Same year of publication for both - add 'a' and 'b' after the year, inside the brackets. Include this in the in text citation. example: Baheti, J. R. (2001a).

URLs  

Remove the underlines from URLs so that any underscores ( _ ) can be seen

Same first author, different second author

Order alphabetically by second or subsequent authors

Upper case letters (capital letters) 

Journal title - use headline style; i.e. capitalise all the words, except articles and prepositions

Book title or article title (in a journal, magazine or newspaper) - use sentence style; i.e. capitalise the first word of the title, and subtitle (after the colon), and any proper names

Place of publication           

USA publishers give the city in full and the abbreviation for the state.

New York, NY

Springfield, MA

Publishers outside the USA: Give the city in full and the country in full

London, England

Auckland, New Zealand

Page range   

Use an en dash, NOT a hyphen, for page ranges: e.g. 21–27. No gaps between the page numbers and the en dash.

How to add an en dash in Microsoft Word, if using a full PC keyboard: Hold the Control key and type the minus sign on the small numeric keypad.

NB: If your keyboard will not produce an en dash, it is acceptable to use a hyphen instead.  See the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (2010, p. 97) for more detail on the use of hyphens and dashes in APA style.

Use of square brackets     

If format, medium or description information is important for a resource to be retrieved or identified, use square brackets after the title to include this detail:

Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

Reference examples

One author (a book chapter)

Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.), Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97–106). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press.

One author, multiple works published in the same year

Rush, E., McLennan, S., Obolonkin, V., Cooper, R., & Hamlin, M. (2015a). Beyond the randomised controlled trial and BMI--evaluation of effectiveness of through-school nutrition and physical activity programmes. Public Health Nutrition, 18(9), 1578–1581. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014003322

Rush, E. C., Obolonkin, V., Battin, M., Wouldes, T., & Rowan, J. (2015b). Body composition in offspring of New Zealand women: Ethnic and gender differences at age 1–3 years in 2005–2009. Annals Of Human Biology, 42(5), 492–497.

Two authors (a journal article with doi)

Li, S., & Seale, C. (2007). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: An observational study of doctoral work. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1442-1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307306924 

Three authors

Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015). First-year undergraduate students’ perceptions of lecturer and peer feedback: A New Zealand action research project. Studies In Higher Education, 40(5), 933–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.881343

Use "&" before the final author.

Four to seven authors

Szcz Ę Sna, A., Nowak, A., Grabiec, P., Paszkuta, M., Tajstra, M., & Wojciechowska, M. (2017). Survey of wearable multi-modal vital parameters measurement systems. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 526. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47154-9_37

List all authors in the reference entry

More than seven authors

Kasabov, N., Scott, N. M., Tu, E., Marks, S., Sengupta, N., Capecci, E., . . . Yang, J. (2016). Evolving spatio-temporal data machines based on the NeuCube neuromorphic framework: Design methodology and selected applications. Neural Networks, 78, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2015.09.011

First 6 authors ... last author. and follow by date and other information.

Click the type of resources on the left column to find more reference examples.

Go to the In-text citation page to learn how to do in-text citations.

Reference List example

References

Alred, G. J., Brusaw, C. T., & Oliu, W. E. (2009). The business writer’s handbook. New York, NY: St Martin's Press.

Best, A. (2004). International history of the twentieth century. Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com

Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.), Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97-106). Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press.

Flesch, R. (n.d.). How to write plain English. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://www.mang.canterbury.ac.nz/writing_guide /writing/flesch.shtml

​Global warming. (2009, June 1). Retrieved June 4, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

Li, S., & Seale, C. (2007). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: An observational study of doctoral work. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307306924 

Radio New Zealand. (2008). Annual report 2007-2008. Retrieved from http://static.radionz.net.nz/assets /pdf_file/0010/179676/Radio_NZ_Annual_Report_2008.pdf 

Read, E. (2007, November 1). Myth-busting gen Y. New Zealand Management. Retrieved from http://www.management.co.nz

Secondary citations

A secondary citation is where you are citing information or quotes the author of your reference has taken from source that you have not read.

In-text citation:

Seidenberg and McClelland’s study, conducted in 1990 (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993), shows that ...

... as some studies show (Seidenberg & McClelland, as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993).

Name the author of the original work in your text, cite the secondary source in in-text citation: (as cited in ..., 1993)

Reference list entry:

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B. Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589–608.

Give the secondary source in the reference list.

DOI and URL

DOI

DOI = digital object identifier

A DOI commonly identifies a journal article but it can also be found on other publication types including books.

All DOIs start with 10. and includes numbers and letters. Example: doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.08.001

The DOI provides a permanent internet address for the item making it easy to locate.

You may search by DOI numbers in Library Search to locate articles.

Doi in your reference list entry:

Always use the DOI if available (for print or online articles and books).

No full stop at the end of a DOI.

A new citing format for DOI was introduced by APA in March 2017. The new format includes https and the prefix doi.org: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2016.11.001

Example:

Oppenheimer, D., Zaromb, F., Pomerantz, J. R., Williams, J. C., & Park, Y. S. (2017). Improvement of writing skills during college: A multi-year cross-sectional and longitudinal study of undergraduate writing performance. Assessing Writing, 32, 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2016.11.001

NOTES:

Articles retrieved from library databases may include ezproxy.aut.ac.nz in the DOIs. This ezproxy information should be removed.

For example:

https://doi-org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/10.1093/pubmed/fdv045

The correct URL for this DOI is:

https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv045

URL

If there is no DOI for a online journal article or an e-book, include a URL in your reference.

Use the URL of a journal home page for journal articles without DOI

Use the URL of the journal homepage, NOT the full URL of the article, in your reference.

Finding a journal homepage URL:

You could do a Google search for the journal title (within double quotation marks), e.g. "new zealand management magazine" to find the journal's homepage

Or, go to the Library database Ulrichsweb, search by the journal title or the journal's ISSN to find the journal record. On the journal record page, find the journal URL for your reference.

Journals without a home page and no DOI:

This can happen to some discontinued journals, or journals archived in an archival database only.

Use the database home page URL in your reference. See the example in the following section. 

Use a URL of a library database:

Resources retrieved from a library database, without a DOI:

If you use electronic resources without DOI, such as an ebook or a data set or a journal without a website, from a library database, You are required to include the URL of the database homepage in your reference.

Do not use the full URL of the source that you retrieved from a database.

Example:

An ebook "Small town sustainability: economic, social,and environmental innovation".

The URL on the ebook page is:

https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/lib/AUT/detail.action?docID=1121624

You should remove ezproxy and other details following it.

The correct URL in the reference for this book should be http://ebookcentral.proquest.com